Abstract:Toilets are closely related to people’s health, and are also important signs reflecting the progress of social civilization. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi Jinping has attached great importance on toilet improvement in rural China. He pointed out that toilet improvement is a vital aspect of civilization, and the government should promote the availability of sanitary toilet through “toilet revolution”. This article summarizes the history of the toilet improvement in rural China, analyses the effectiveness in improving the penetration rate of rural sanitary toilets, controlling the occurrence of diseases, improving economic benefits and social benefits. This article also discusses the challenges in toilet improvement, including equity, lack of consciousness, and poor management. Then the article proposes policy advises to practice the “toilet revolution” and to meet rural people's needs for environmental sanitation facilities.